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Freitag, 20 Januar 2017 11:36

Frequenztrennung zur Entfernung von Lense Flares in der Landschaftsfotografie

Frequenztrennung zur Entfernung von Lense Flares in der Landschaftsfotografie

Die Frequenztrennung ist eine inzwischen weit verbreitete und zum Standard gewordene Retouchierungsmethode, die hauptsächlich im Bereich Fashion/Beauty zum Einsatz kommt. Der Vorteil dieser Methode ist, dass Struktur- und Farbinformationen getrennt voneinander bearbeitet werden können. So ist es möglich kleinere Hautverfärbungen zu korrigieren, ohne dabei die Struktur der Haut zu verändern, bzw. umgekehrt können ungewollte Unebenheiten korrigiert werden, ohne dabei die korrekte Hautfarbe zu verlieren. Auch wenn das Retouchieren von Models und allgemein der ganze Bereich Beauty-Fotografie überhaupt nicht mein Ding ist, finde ich die Technik hinter der Frequenztrennung beeindruckend. Umso mehr freut es mich, dass man sie auch auf andere Bereiche der Fotografie übertragen kann. In diesem Beitrag werden wir sie nutzen, um Lense Flares zu korrigieren.

Einleitung

Lense Flares, oder auf Deutsch Blendenflecken bzw. Objektivreflexionen, bezeichnen die farbigen Kreise, die entstehen, wenn bei direktem Gegenlicht fotografiert wird. Je nach Objektiv ist dieses Phänomen unterschiedlich stark ausgeprägt, wobei die Hersteller in der Regel daran arbeiten, den Effekt so gut wie möglich zu reduzieren. Lense Flares können völlig unterschiedliche Charakteristiken haben. Dabei spielt nicht nur die Beschaffenheit des Objektives eine große Rolle, sondern auch die Form der Lichtquelle, ihre Intensität und natürlich der Abstand zu ihr. Lense Flares müssen nicht zwangsläufig etwas schlechtes sein, werden aber oftmals als irritierend empfunden, wenn es sich bei der Lichtquelle nicht um die Sonne, sondern eine künstliche Lichtquelle handelt. Als Stilmittel eingesetzt können Lense Flares bei Aufnahmen im Sommer aber auch durchaus Wärme und gute Laune vermitteln. 

Im nun gezeigten Beispielbild, das mit dem Canon 24-105mm 4.0 L aufgenommen wurde, sind die Flares nicht besonders groß ausgeprägt, weisen aber eine ziemlich intensive Färbung auf. Mich stören insbesondere die grünen Flecken auf dem Felsen (gelbe Markierung), da sie sich farblich überhaupt nicht einfügen können. 

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Probleme mit dem Kopierstempel

Auf einfachen Hintergründen, wie z.B. dem Himmel oder großen Wolkenflächen, sind Lense Flares relativ einfach mit Hilfe des Kopierstempels oder des PatchRepair-Tools in Phostoshop korrigierbar. Deutlich schwieriger wird es, wenn die Flares in Bereichen auftreten, die eine sehr feine und gleichzeitig unregelmäßige Struktur aufweisen. Ein gutes Beispiel ist der Felsen im Vordergrund. Der kleine, intensiv grüne Punkt ist mit dem Kopierstempel noch recht einfach zu bearbeiten. Deutlich schwieriger wird es aber bei den größeren grünen Flächen darunter. Hier wäre es einfach schön eine Möglichkeit zu haben nur die Farben zu korrigieren, die Struktur des Felsens aber genau so zu lassen, wie sie ist. Hier schlägt die Stunde der Frequenztrennung! Zunächst nutze ich aber einfach den Kopierstempel, um die einfachen grellen Punkte zu entfernen.

Die Frequenztrennung

Die Idee hinter der Frequenztrennung ist es die Farbinformation von der Strukturinformation zu trennen und auf getrennten Ebenen zu bearbeiten. Sie wurde eigentlich für die Beautyretouche entwickelt, wo es besonders wichtig ist, dass man Gesichter (also insbesondere die Haut) nicht wachspuppenartig komplett glatt bügelt. Die Hautstruktur muss erhalten bleiben, dennoch sollen kleine Pickelchen oder Verfärbungen der Haut bequem entfernt werden können. Der Name der Technik ergibt sich aus dem Splitten dieser beiden Informationen: Die Ebene mit der Farbinformation ist die niederfrequente Ebene, die Ebene mit den Strukturinformationen ist die hochfrequente Ebene. Alle Mittel zum Anlegen der getrennten Ebenen bringt Photoshop von Haus aus mit, man muss sie nur einsetzen. Zunächst muss die eigentliche Bildebene zwei mal dupliziert werden. Den oberste Ebene nenne ich High, die darunter Low.

Die High-Ebene wird zunächst ausgeblendet, da wir uns zuerst der Farbinformation widmen, also der Low-Ebene. Nochmal: Die Idee ist es auf dieser Ebene nur die Farbinformation zu erhalten und die Strukturinformation zu entfernen. Der geeignetste Filter für diese Aufgabe in Photoshop ist der Gaußsche Weichzeichner (Filter->Weichzeichnungsfilter->Gaußscher Weichzeichner). Für die Auflösung der Bilder aus meiner 5DIII haben sich Werte zwischen 10 und 12 Pixeln bewährt. Sucht euch am besten im Vorschaufenster einen Ausschnitt, der auch grobe Strukturen enthält und erhöht den Wert des Weichzeichners, bis ihr keine Schärfenunterschiede mehr feststellen könnt.

  • 02weichzeichner
 

Nach dem Anwenden des Weichzeichners blendet die High-Ebene wieder ein und wählt im Menu Bild ->  Bildberechnungen. Die Einstellungen sind auf dem folgenden Bild beschrieben. Prinzipiell werden dabei ausgehend vom Low-Layer die Unterschiede zum aktuellen Layer berechnet und wieder ausgegeben. Ganz grob (und nicht wirklich korrekt) könnte man auch sagen: Struktur+Farbe - Farbe = Struktur. Das Ergebnis des Layers dürfte jetzt weitestgehend grau sein, aber ihr erkennt die Strukturen des Originalbildes.

  • 03bildberechnung
 

Um jetzt eure beiden Ebenen wieder zusammenzuführen, müsst ihr als letztes den Ebenenmodus der High-Ebene noch auf Lineares Licht setzen. Anschließend sollte das Bild wieder aussehen, wie das Original. Das könnt ihr leicht prüfen, indem ihr die High- und Low-Ebene in eine eigene Gruppe steckt und ein- und ausblendet. Ihr solltet keinen Unterschied zwischen Original-Ebene und der Gruppe mit den Frequenztrennungs-Ebenen sehen. Der Bildberechnungsschritt lässt sich übrigens vereinfachen, indem ihr auf der High-Ebene den Highpass-Filter anwendet. Dann allerdings müsst ihr mit der Stärke des Filters experimentieren, bis ihr ein ähnliches Ergebnis erzielt. Bei zu starker Anwendung des Hochpass-Filters wird das Bild überschärft.

               

Arbeiten auf der Low-Ebene

Die technischen Vorbereitungsschritte sind jetzt erledigt, jetzt kann es mit der eigentlichen Bearbeitung der Blendenflecke weiter gehen. Und das funktioniert genau wie immer, nur dass jetzt ausschließlich auf der Low-Ebene gearbeitet wird und damit nur die Farbe bearbeitet wird. Der Kopierstempel erledigt das Übertragen der Farbe, so dass sich die grünen Bereiche aus benachbarten Bereichen übermalen lassen. Natürlich kann man durch das Übermalen mit helleren oder dunkleren Tönen auch den räumlichen Look verändern. Die Strukturen, die wir auf der High-Ebene ausgegliedert haben, bleiben aber erhalten. Die unten stehende Galerie zeigt den Vorher/Nachher-Vergleich für einen 100%-Ausschnitt und die Gesamtansicht des Bildes.

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Fazit

Damit zeigt sich, dass Techniken, die eigentlich für einen ganz speziellen Sektor entwickelt wurden, auch in anderen Bereichen Anwendung finden können. Als Landschaftsfotograf freut mich dieses Beispiel besonders, da ich die Freqenztrennung technisch genial finde, bisher jedoch kein wirkliches Anwendungsgebiet für mich gefunden hatte. Dem Sensordreck widme ich mich dann aber doch wieder auf die klassische Art und Weise ;)


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